Ocean fundamentals · Argo observations · Data visualization
Explore how the ocean changes with depth and season, the role of currents, and its relationship with climate, then learn how to read and visualize real Argo observations.
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Reading Ocean Structure
See how temperature and salinity usually change from the sea surface to around 2,000 meters, and learn what a vertical profile can and cannot tell you.
Getting Started with Argo
Learn what satellites, research ships, moorings, and Argo floats each measure, and why understanding the ocean requires several observing systems.
Reading Ocean Structure
Learn why summer warming often stays near the sea surface, why winter mixing reaches deeper, and how profiles reveal the seasonal ocean below.
Build a practical foundation in Argo floats, profiles, identifiers, and files.
02Learn to interpret temperature, salinity, vertical profiles, and T-S structure.
03Read oxygen and other biogeochemical observations in their physical context.
04Choose useful visualizations and move from exploration to analysis efficiently.
Reading Ocean Structure
Learn what an ocean front is and how to use nearby temperature, salinity, and θ-S profiles to identify a candidate water-mass boundary.
Reading Ocean Structure
Learn how potential temperature and Absolute Salinity differ from in-situ temperature and Practical Salinity in Argo data.
Reading Ocean Structure
Learn how thermoclines, haloclines, and pycnoclines differ, why their depths may not match, and how to identify them in Argo profiles.
Biogeochemical Argo
Learn how to read BGC Argo chlorophyll profiles, recognize a deep chlorophyll maximum, and distinguish pigment changes from biomass changes.
Visualization and Workflow
Learn how ocean-profile clustering turns temperature and salinity curves into groups, what OceanGraph compares, and how to interpret the results.
Biogeochemical Argo
Learn what BGC Argo adds to Core Argo, how its six variable groups are measured, and what each profile can and cannot reveal.
Visualization and Workflow
Compare webODV, Argo viewers, and desktop Ocean Data View by the work each one is built for, and decide which stage of your analysis belongs in a browser.
Biogeochemical Argo
Convert between dissolved oxygen units correctly, understand why µmol/kg needs seawater density, and keep concentration separate from saturation.
Reading Ocean Structure
Pick an MLD criterion deliberately: which variable to test, where to reference it, how large a threshold to use, and how to interpolate the crossing.
Visualization and Workflow
Choose between argopy and raw NetCDF, understand what each one filters for you, and handle the QC, data mode, and coordinate details that trip people up first.
Getting Started with Argo
Find the right Argo download route: the two GDAC mirrors, which file type answers your question, and how index files let you decide before downloading.
Visualization and Workflow
Learn why random train-test splits can overstate marine machine-learning performance and how to design grouped, spatial, and temporal evaluation instead.
Visualization and Workflow
Design a traceable marine AI review loop that prioritizes useful cases, captures human corrections, versions labels, and protects an independent test set.
Visualization and Workflow
Turn marine image masks into a reproducible segmentation experiment with group-aware splits, versioned training, meaningful metrics, and visual error review.
Visualization and Workflow
Learn how to turn quality-aware NetCDF ocean observations into fast browser maps, profiles, and sections without losing scientific context.
Visualization and Workflow
Design ocean-data web contracts that preserve units, missing values, quality-control decisions, identity, and provenance from source to screen.
Visualization and Workflow
Learn what image annotation means for marine research, then build Label Studio and SAM with Docker and try assisted image segmentation.
Visualization and Workflow
Learn how to use coding agents for research analysis while keeping scientific decisions, known-answer tests, data access, and final acceptance under human control.
Visualization and Workflow
Learn why research code stops working across computers, what Docker records, and how to build a repeatable Python environment with protected input data.
Visualization and Workflow
Learn how Git and GitHub preserve research code history, connect results to exact code versions, and keep large data and secrets outside the repository.
Reading Ocean Structure
Learn how El Niño changes warm-water depth, the equatorial Pacific thermocline, and upwelling, and what subsurface profiles can reveal.
Getting Started with Argo
Understand why ocean observations contain gaps across depth, space, time, and variables, and how to distinguish measurements from estimates.
Reading Ocean Structure
Learn how wind, Earth's rotation, seawater density, gravity, and basin shape work together to create surface and deep ocean currents.
Reading Ocean Structure
Learn why summer warming often stays near the sea surface, why winter mixing reaches deeper, and how profiles reveal the seasonal ocean below.
Reading Ocean Structure
See how temperature and salinity usually change from the sea surface to around 2,000 meters, and learn what a vertical profile can and cannot tell you.
Getting Started with Argo
Learn what satellites, research ships, moorings, and Argo floats each measure, and why understanding the ocean requires several observing systems.
Reading Ocean Structure
Compare how Kuroshio- and Oyashio-influenced waters differ below the surface, and learn what profiles can reveal about their temperature, salinity, and oxygen.
Biogeochemical Argo
Learn why dissolved oxygen is often high near the surface, lower at intermediate depths, and sometimes higher again in deep water—and how to read an oxygen profile.
Reading Ocean Structure
Understand the difference between sea surface temperature and ocean heat content, and why subsurface profiles are needed to describe a warming ocean.
Getting Started with Argo
Understand Argo QC flags, real-time vs delayed-mode data, and how to choose adjusted values before using Argo float data.
Reading Ocean Structure
Learn what mixed layer depth (MLD) means, how OceanGraph calculates it from Argo profiles, and how to read its seasonal cycle.
Reading Ocean Structure
Learn what mode water is, how it forms, and how to identify North Pacific Subtropical Mode Water in Argo float profiles.
Getting Started with Argo
Learn how Argo profiling floats work, what they measure, why their repeated ocean profiles matter, and how to explore the observations.
Getting Started with Argo
A step-by-step introduction to reading Argo profile context, pressure, temperature, salinity, quality information, and vertical structure.
Getting Started with Argo
Learn when to search Argo observations by region and date, by a float's WMO ID, or by the availability of biogeochemical variables.
Getting Started with Argo
Understand how Argo NetCDF files organize observation context, measurement arrays, dimensions, adjusted variables, metadata, and quality flags.
Reading Ocean Structure
Learn to read temperature and salinity profiles, recognize candidate mixed layers and gradients, and compare ocean vertical structure.
Reading Ocean Structure
Learn how temperature-salinity diagrams help examine water-mass signatures, mixing-like relationships, and density-related structure.
Reading Ocean Structure
Learn how temperature and salinity jointly affect seawater density, stratification, water masses, and the interpretation of ocean profiles.
Biogeochemical Argo
Learn how to interpret dissolved oxygen profiles from BGC Argo, including ventilation, subsurface maxima, and links to physical structure.
Visualization and Workflow
Compare maps, vertical profiles, T-S diagrams, and time-series sections, and learn which ocean visualization best answers each question.
Visualization and Workflow
Learn how time-series vertical sections combine repeated Argo profiles to show changes through time and depth, including missing-data patterns.
Visualization and Workflow
Follow a no-code workflow for finding, viewing, and comparing real Argo float profiles in OceanGraph before building a Python analysis.
Visualization and Workflow
Compare the Python workflow for creating a T-S diagram with interactive tools, and choose the right approach for exploration or reproducible analysis.
From reading to exploration
